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dt-code [2011/01/10 12:52] – Funktionale Beschreibung des Multiplexers eingefügt. beckmanfdt-code [2025/04/10 16:09] (current) – bilder in dokuwiki beckmanf
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-=== VHDL Code Beispiele ===+===== VHDL Entity and Architecture =====
  
-== Entity and Architecture ==+VHDL splits interface (entity) and implementation (architecture). The interface of a circuit is defined in the entity. The implementation is defined in the architecture.
  
 <code vhdl> <code vhdl>
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   a_i : in std_ulogic;   a_i : in std_ulogic;
   b_i : in std_ulogic;    b_i : in std_ulogic; 
-  y_i : out std_ulogic); +  y_o : out std_ulogic); 
-end first;+end and_gate;
  
 architecture rtl of and_gate is architecture rtl of and_gate is
 begin begin
   y_o <= a_i and b_i;    y_o <= a_i and b_i; 
-end rtl;  +end architecture rtl; 
-  +
 </code> </code>
 +Listing 1: Entity and Architecture for and_gate
 +
 +The code in listing 1 describes the full code for a circuit called "and_gate". The entity with the name "and_gate" describes two input ports "a_i" and "b_i" and an output port "y_o". All ports here have the type "std_ulogic" which defines that those ports basically can have a logic 1 or 0 value. (Some other values for simulation purposes are left for now). An entity can have an arbitrary number of inputs and outputs. Each input and output can have a different type.
 +
 +{{ :public:praktikum_digitaltechnik:and_gate.svg?width=300 |AND Gate Block}}
 +
 +{{ :public:praktikum_digitaltechnik:and_gate.svg?linkonly |Figure 1}}: Block and_gate with a_i and b_i as inputs and y_o as output
  
-== Strukturelle Beschreibung von Schaltungen ==+Figure 1 shows the block "and_gate" with the inputs and outputs. This represents the entity. The entity code does not imply any functionality. The name "and_gate" is an identifier, i.e. it does not imply that this block actually works as an and gate. 
 + 
 +{{ :public:praktikum_digitaltechnik:and_gate_arch.svg?width=300 |}} 
 + 
 +{{ :public:praktikum_digitaltechnik:and_gate_arch.svg?linkonly |Figure 2}}: Architecture of "and_gate" which just contains an AND gate. 
 + 
 +The architecture with the name "rtl" describes the implementation. Here it is a signal assignment with a boolean expression using the and function. This makes this circuit behave like an AND gate. Figure 2 shows the schematic with the AND gate. As the AND function can be described in one line of code, this block "and_gate" does not make too much sense, but it explains the idea of entity and architecture. 
 + 
 +===== Instantiation and hierarchical design ===== 
 + 
 +Circuits are very often composed of subcircuits. And the subcircuits can themself be composed of subcircuits. This is called hierarchical design. The following example shows a block "mux".  
 + 
 +{{ :public:praktikum_digitaltechnik:mux.svg?width=200 | Multipexer block}} 
 + 
 +{{ :public:praktikum_digitaltechnik:mux.svg?linkonly |Figure 3}}: "mux" block with a_i, b_i and s_i inputs and y_o output 
 + 
 +Figure 3 shows the block interface of a circuit "mux" which has three inputs a_i, b_i and s_i and an output y_o.  
 + 
 +This "mux"  is composed of two instances of "and_gate", an "or_gate" and an "inv_gate". 
 +Assume that we have defined not only the "and_gate" but also an "or_gate" and an "inv_gate". The mux circuit shall be composed of the xxx_gate subcircuits as shown in figure 4. 
 + 
 +{{ :public:praktikum_digitaltechnik:mux-vhdl.svg?width=800 | Mux Schematic}} 
 + 
 +{{ :public:praktikum_digitaltechnik:mux-vhdl.svg?linkonly |Figure 4}}: Schematic of "mux" 
 + 
 +Figure 4 shows a schematic of a multiplexer using and_gate, or_gate and the inv_gate. The corresponding VHDL code is shown in listing 2.
  
 <code vhdl> <code vhdl>
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 end mux; end mux;
  
-architecture structure of mux is +architecture structure of mux is    
- +
-  component and_gate  +
-    port( +
-      a_i : in std_ulogic; +
-      b_i : in std_ulogic; +
-      y_o : out std_ulogic); +
-       +
-  component or_gate +
-    port( +
-      a_i : in std_ulogic; +
-      b_i : in std_ulogic; +
-      y_o : out std_ulogic); +
-   +
-  component inv_gate +
-    port( +
-      a_i : in std_ulogic; +
-      y_o : out std_ulogic); +
-      +
   signal s1 : std_ulogic;   signal s1 : std_ulogic;
   signal s2 : std_ulogic;   signal s2 : std_ulogic;
   signal s3 : std_ulogic;        signal s3 : std_ulogic;     
-     
 begin begin
  
-  inv_gate_i0 : inv_gate+  inv_gate_i0 : work.inv_gate
   port map(   port map(
     a_i => s_i,     a_i => s_i,
     y_o => s1);     y_o => s1);
          
-  and_gate_i0 : and_gate+  and_gate_i0 : work.and_gate
   port map(   port map(
     a_i => s1,     a_i => s1,
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     y_o => s2);     y_o => s2);
          
-  and_gate_i1 : and_gate+  and_gate_i1 : work.and_gate
   port map(   port map(
     a_i => s_i,     a_i => s_i,
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     y_o => s3);     y_o => s3);
      
-  or_gate_i0 : or_gate+  or_gate_i0 : work.or_gate
   port map(   port map(
     a_i => s2,     a_i => s2,
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     y_o => y_o);     y_o => y_o);
  
-end mux; +end architecture structure; 
  
 </code> </code>
  
-== Funktionale Beschreibung mit Concurrent Signal Assignments ==+Listing 2: Structural VHDL code that instantiates and_gate, or_gate and inv_gate
  
-Eine alternative Beschreibung des Multiplexers mit Funktionen und  +The instantiation code introduces the name of the instance. In this example the names of the "and_gate" instances are "and_gate_i0" and "and_gate_i1". The instantiation code instantiates "work.and_gate" which means that there is a component "and_gate" assumed to be in library "work". The "and_gate" component is created in the work library when the corresponding vhdl code that defines the "and_gate" is compiled.
-Concurrent Signal Assignments. Die Funktionen "not" "and", "or" und andere +
-sind im package ieee.std_logic_1164 definiert. +
  
-<code vhdl>+===== Signals =====
  
-architecture rtl-1 of mux is +Note the signals s1, s2 and s3 in listing 2 which work as internal nets in "mux". But it is also possible to assign the value of an input port to a signal. The value of a signal can also be assign to an output port.
-signal s1, s2, s3 : std_ulogic; +
-begin+
  
-s1 <= not s_i; +Signals are defined between "architecture" and the following "begin".
-s2 <= s1 and a_i; +
-s3 <= s_i and b_i; +
-y_o <= s2 or s3;  +
  
-end rtl-1 +===== Multiplexer Code - the real thing =====
-</code>+
  
-== Funktionale Beschreibung mit einem Prozess == +The previous code example in listing 2 and listing 1 show the hierarchical design of a multiplexer. Nobody would ever do it like that - it only serves as an example for hierarchical design which is used when the subcircuits have some complexity. The multiplexer function as described in listing 2 can be written in one line of code in VHDL. Listing 3 shows the full code of "mux" with entity and architecture. The function inside the architecture is only one line of code.
- +
-Ein Prozess enthält sequentielle Anweisungen. Ein Prozess wird immer ausgeführt, wenn +
-sich ein Signal in der "sensitivity list" ändert.  +
- +
-Die Sequenz der Anweisungen in einem Prozess entspricht nicht einer zeitlichen Sequenz.  +
-Das bedeutet der Prozess berechnet die neuen Werte der Signale und diese werden dann alle +
-zeitgleich zugewiesen. Im folgenden Beispiel wurde die Anweisung s3 <= s_i and b_i durch einen +
-Prozess ersetzt. Die Funktion hat sich dadurch nicht geändert. +
  
 <code vhdl> <code vhdl>
 +library ieee;
 +use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
  
-architecture rtl-2 of mux is +entity mux is 
-signal s1, s2, s3 : std_ulogic; +port ( 
-begin+  a_i : in std_ulogic; 
 +  b_i : in std_ulogic; 
 +  s_i : in std_ulogic; 
 +  y_o : out std_ulogic); 
 +end mux;
  
-s1 <= not s_i; +architecture rtl of mux is    
-s2 <= s1 and a_i; +
--- s3 replaced with process +
-y_o <= s2 or s3;  +
- +
-s3_and_p : process (s_i, b_i)+
 begin begin
-  s3 <= '0'; +y_o <= a_i when s_i = '0' else b_i; 
-  if s_i = '1' and b_i = '1' then  +end architecture;
-    s3 <= '1'; +
-  end if; +
-end process s3_and_p; +
- +
-end rtl-2+
 </code> </code>
  
-== Komplette funtkionale Beschreibung in einem Prozess == +Listing 3: Multiplexer Code in one line
- +
-Alternativ lässt sich auch die ganze Multiplexerfunktion in einem +
-Prozess beschreiben. Die Lesbarkeit wird durch diese Beschreibung häufig erhöht.  +
- +
-<code vhdl> +
- +
-architecture rtl-3 of mux is +
- +
-begin +
- +
-mux_p : process (s_i, a_i, b_i) +
-begin +
-  y_o <= '0'; +
-  if s_i = '1' then +
-    y_o <= b_i;  +
-  else +
-    y_o <= a_i;  +
-  end if; +
-end process mux_p; +
- +
-end rtl-3 +
-</code> +
- +
-== Prozess mit einem case statement == +
- +
-Alternativ lässt sich auch ein case statement in einem Prozess verwenden.  +
- +
-<code vhdl> +
- +
-architecture rtl-4 of mux is +
- +
-begin +
- +
-mux_p : process (s_i, a_i, b_i) +
-begin +
-  y_o <= '0'; +
-  case s_i is +
-    when '0'    => y_o <= b_i; +
-    when '1'    => y_o <= a_i; +
-    when others => y_o <= '0'; +
-  end case; +
-end process mux_p; +
- +
-end rtl-4 +
-</code> +
- +
-== Conditional Signal Assignment == +
- +
-Dann gibt es noch das Conditional Signal Assignment.  +
- +
-<code vhdl> +
- +
-architecture rtl-5 of mux is +
- +
-begin +
- +
-y_o <= b_i when s_i = '1' else a_i;  +
- +
-end rtl-5 +
-</code> +
- +
-== Selected Signal Assignment == +
- +
-Noch eine alternative ist das selected signal assignment.  +
- +
-<code vhdl> +
- +
-architecture rtl-6 of mux is +
- +
-begin +
- +
-with s_i select +
-  y_o <= a_i when '0', +
-  y_o <= b_i when '1'; +
- +
-end rtl-6 +
-</code> +
- +
- +
  
  
  
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